Publications
2025
M. Madani, C.D. Cruz, Z. Gounani, H. Baniasadi, P. Tammela, T. Laaksonen, J. Niskanen, J. Seppälä,
Functionalized cellulose nanocrystals reinforced PLA-gelatin electrospun fibers for potential antibacterial wound dressing and coating applications,
Tiitola, V., Lyly-Yrjänäinen, J., Apell, M., Rönkkö, M., & Holmström, J.
Value creation and retention through re-servitization: Product service system for prescription medication dispensing in homecare.
2024
Almeida J.H.S., Jr., Jayaprakash S., Kolari K., Kuva J., Kukko K., Partanen J.
The role of printing parameters on the short beam strength of 3D-printed continuous carbon fibre reinforced epoxy-PETG composites
Fazeli M, Jayaprakash S, Baniasadi H, Abidnejad R, Lipponen J
Recycled carbon fiber reinforced composites: Enhancing mechanical properties through co-functionalization of carbon nanotube-bonded microfibrillated cellulose
Htike MH,
Investigation of the carbon fiber-thermoplastic matrix interfacial adhesion
Casi, C
Decolonizing Environmental Discourses: Challenging Environmental Values through Indigenous Ecological Knowledge. Doctoral Thesis
Pettersson, A., Ballardini, R., Mimler, M., Li, P., Salmi, M., Minssen, T., Gibson, I., & Mäkitie, A.
Core Legal Challenges for Medical 3D Printing in the EU.
Mäihäniemi, B., Cadillo Chandler, D., Salami, E., & Ballardini,
Different shades of the right to repair: A comparative overview.
Ballardini, R. M., & Vesala, J.
Role of patent law to promote sustainability transitions with plastics.
Keränen, J.
Evaluation of alternative use cases for pyrolysis technology.
Chaldoupis, K., Polychronakis, Y., Syntetos, A. A., & Holmström, J.
Additive manufacturing for standard parts in the healthcare supply chain: What are the available performance improvements?
Pil, F. K., Disney, S. M., Holmström, J., Lawson, B., & Tang, C.
Possibility theory: A foundation for theoretical and empirical explorations of uncertainty.
Peron M., Saporiti N., Shoeibi M., Holmström J. & Salmi M.
Additive manufacturing in the medical sector: from an empirical investigation of challenges and opportunities toward the design of an ecosystem model.
Russo, I., Confente, I., Holmström, J., Öhman, M., & Tokar, T.
Embracing methodological evolution and diversity in logistics and supply chain management research.
Hakanen, E., Eloranta, V., Shaw, C., & Töytäri, P.
Signaling collective action in ecosystems.
Bengts A., Eloranta V., Hakanen E., Turunen T., Tullney V.
Elevating Business Models to the Ecosystem Level: Evidence from Web3 and Beyond.
Djakonoff V., Ojanen A., Sarkia K., Uitto H., Salminen V., Hakanen E., Carpén J.
Teknologianeutraliteetti ja yhteiskunnan strategiset tavoitteet tutkimus- ja innovaatiopolitiikassa.
Eloranta V., Hakanen E. & Shaw C.
Teaching for paradigm shifts: Supporting the drivers of radical creativity in management education.
Hakanen, E., Wolff, J., Eloranta, V., & Shaw, C.
Self-Regulation and Code of Conduct in the Community: Four Pilots on Utilising Decentralisation Technologies for Improving Sustainability and Collective Governance.
Wolff, J., Hakanen, E., & Marttila, J.
Innovation Ecosystems as Communities of Practise: Technologies for Incentivising Collaboration Amongst Competing Actors.
Khan, I., Leinonen, A Salmi, A. & Valkokari, K
Knowledge co-production as a means for systemic change: Analysing interaction between researchers and companies.
Leinonen, A. & Casi, C.
What happened to ethics? A case study on the elements of power in transdisciplinary knowledge production process. Eu-SPRI Annual Conference 2024: Governing technology, research, and innovation for better worlds – University of Twente, Enschede, Netherlands
Valkokari, K., Paasi, J., Nysten-Haarala, S., Nuottila, J. & Hurmerinta-Haanpää, A.
Governance mechanisms and practices in project-based interorganisational collaboration for innovation.
Baniasadi, Z. Fathi, E. Lizundia, C.D. Cruz, R. Abidnejad, M. Fazeli, P. Tammela, E. Kontturi, J. Lipponen, J. Niskanen,
Development and characterization of pomegranate peel extract-infused carboxymethyl cellulose composite films for functional, sustainable food packaging
H. Baniasadi, Z. Fathi, C.D. Cruz, R. Abidnejad, P. Tammela, J. Niskanen, E. Lizundia,
Structure-property correlations and environmental impact assessment of sustainable antibacterial food packaging films reinforced with fungal chitin nanofibrils
R.T. Polez, E. Kimiaei, Z. Madani, M. Österberg, H. Baniasadi,
Tragacanth gum hydrogels with cellulose nanocrystals: A study on optimizing properties and printability,
H. Baniasadi, L. Äkräs, Z. Madani, F. Silvenius, M. Fazeli, S. Lipponen, J. Vapaavuori, J. Seppälä,
Development and characterization of polylactic acid/starch biocomposites – From melt blending to preliminary life cycle assessment
H. Baniasadi, E. Liizundia, Z. Paganelli, N. Dammann, L. Välinen, J. Seppälä, J. Niskanen,
Structure-property correlations study in biochar-enhanced polyamide composites for sustainable materials development
P. Singh, H. Baniasadi, S. Gupta, R. Ghosh, S. Shaikh, J. Seppälä, A. Kumar,
3D-printed cellulose nanocrystals and gelatin scaffolds with bioactive cues for regenerative medicine: Advancing biomedical applications,
M.R. Yazdani McCord, A. Kankkunen, D. Chatzikosmidou, A. Seppälä, J. Seppälä, H. Baniasadi,
Polypyrrole-modified flax fiber sponge impregnated with fatty acids as bio-based form-stable phase change materials for enhanced thermal energy storage and conversion
M.R. Yazdani McCord, H. Baniasadi
Advancements in form-stabilized phase change materials: stabilization mechanisms, multifunctionalities, and applications—a comprehensive review
H. Baniasadi, R. Abidnejad, M. Fazeli, J. Lipponen, J. Niskanen, E. Kontturi, J. Seppälä, O.J. Rojas
Innovations in hydrogel-based manufacturing: A comprehensive review of direct ink writing technique for biomedical applications
M. Fazeli, S. Mukherjee, H. Baniasadi, R. Abidnejad, M. Mujtaba, J. Lipponen, J. Seppälä, O.J. Rojas
Lignin beyond the status quo: recent and emerging composite applications
A. Farzan, S. Borandeh, H. Baniasadi, J. Seppälä
Environmentally friendly polyurethanes based on non-isocyanate synthesis
M. Borghei, H. Baniasadi, R. Abidnejad, R. Ajdary, S. Mousavihashemi, D. Robertson, J. Niskanen, E. Kontturi, T. Kallio, O.J. Rojas
Wood flour and kraft lignin enable air-drying of the nanocellulose-based 3D-printed structures
L. Äkräs, F. Silvenius, H. Baniasadi, M. Vahvaselkä, H. Ilvesniemi, J. Seppälä
A cradle-to-gate life cycle assessment of polyamide-starch biocomposites: carbon footprint as an indicator of sustainability
2023
Pettersson, A., Ballardini, R., Mimler, M., Li, P., Salmi, M., Minssen, T., Gibson, I., & Mäkitie, A.
Legal issues and underexplored data protection in medical 3D printing: a scoping review.
Hossein Baniasadi, Despoina Chatzikosmidou, Jukka Seppälä
Innovative integration of pyrolyzed biomass into polyamide 11:
Sustainable advancements through in situ polymerization for enhanced mechanical, thermal, and additive
manufacturing properties
H Baniasadi, Z Madani, M Mohan, M Vaara, S Lipponen, J Vapaavuori,
Heat-Induced Actuator Fibers: Starch-Containing Biopolyamide Composites for Functional Textiles.
H Baniasadi, D Chatzikosmidou, A Kankkunen, J Seppälä, MRY McCord.
Flexible and conductive nanofiber textiles for leakage-free electro-thermal energy conversion and storage.
Härkönen, H., Ballardini, R., Pietarinen, H., & Sarantou, M.
Nature’s Own Intellectual Creation: Copyright in Creative Expressions of Bioart.
Siltaloppi, J., & Ballardini, R.
Promoting Systemic Collaboration for Sustainable Innovation through Intellectual Property Rights.
Partanen, S., Pihlajarinne, T., Mähönen, J., Nuottila, J., & Ballardini, R.
Ympäristöystävällisten keksintöjen nopeutettu patentointi PK-yritysten
näkökulmasta.
H. Baniasadi, S. Lipponen, M. Asplund, J. Seppälä,
High-concentration lignin biocomposites with low-melting point biopolyamide,
H. Baniasadi, J. Seppälä, A. Kankkunen, A. Seppälä, M.R. Yazdani,
Water-resistant gum-based phase change composite for thermo-regulating insulation packaging
H. Baniasadi, M. Madani, J. Seppälä, J.B. Zimmerman, M.R. Yazdani,
Form-stable phase change electrospun nanofibers mat with thermal regulation and biomedical multi-functionalities
Hakanen, E., Eloranta, V., Marttila, J., & Amadae, S. M.
Digital protocols as accounting and incentivization mechanisms in anti-rival systems – Developing a shareable non-fungible token (sNFT).
Romme, A. G. L., & Holmström, J.
From theories to tools: Calling for research on technological innovation informed by design science.
Wolff, J., Jakubik, M., Siltaloppi, J., Wolff, L.-A., & Hakanen, E.
Sustainability transitions by ecosystem innovation.
Hakanen, E., Wolff, J., Eloranta, V., & Shaw, C.
Self-regulation and code of conduct in the community:
Case studies on utilising decentralisation technologies for improving sustainability and collective governance.
Akkermans, H., Holmström, J, Jaribion,A,
Electric Vehicle Battery Service Systems: Operational Configurations, Research Agenda, and Policy Implications
Ylén, J-P., Valkokari, K., Immonen, K., Ballardini, R. & Hollström, J.
Balancing knowledge protection and sharing as a means to boost sustainability-oriented innovation in plastics ecosystems.
Wiman, H., Siltaloppi, J. & Leinonen, A.
Finding high-impact intervention points for plastic recycling using an exploratory stock-flow model.
Anna Leinonen, Iqra Khan, Katri Valkokari & Asta Salmi.
Interaction practices for knowledge co-production at different levels of (eco)systems.
2022
Akmal, J.S., Salmi, M., Björkstrand, R., Partanen, J., Holmström, J.
Switchover to industrial additive manufacturing: dynamic decision-making for problematic spare parts.
Ballardini R.M. & van den Hoven van Genderen R.,
“Artificial Intelligence and IPR: the quest or pleading for AI as legal subjects”,
in Pihlajarinne T. (eds) and Alen-Savikko A. (eds),
AI and the Media – Reconsidering Rights and Responsibilities, Edward Elgar (Feb 2022) [A3]
Vesala Juha
“Press publishers’ right and artificial intelligence”,
in Pihlajarinne T. and Alen-Savikko A. (eds),
AI and the Media – Reconsidering Rights and Responsibilities, Edward Elgar (Feb 2022) [A3]
Äkräs Laura, Ballardini Rosa Maria, Alen-Savikko Anette & Seppälä Jukka,
“Towards Sustainable and Circular Practices with Plastics:
Exploring the Potential of Law and Governance Tools Based on Holistic and Harmonized Life Cycle Assessment”.
Retfaerd. 23 Feb 2022 [A1]
Pihlajarinne T. and Alen-Savikko A. (eds),
AI and the Media – Reconsidering Rights and Responsibilities, Edward Elgar (February 2022)
Ballardini, R., Mimler, M., Minssen, T., & Salmi, M.
3D Printing, Intellectual Property Rights and Medical Emergencies: In Search of New Flexibilities.
Emmanuel Salami,
“Autonomous cars and the drive towards sustainability”
Rob van den Hoven van Genderen, Rosa Maria Ballardini and Marcelo Corrales,
“AI Innovations, Empathy and the Law: User-Centric Perspective on Copyright and Privacy”
in Melanie Sarantou and Satu Miettinen (Eds.),
Empathy and Business Transformation, Routledge (2022).
Rosa Maria Ballardini and Taina Pihlajarinne,
“Incentivising Circular and Sustainable Innovations through Patent Law”
in Eduardo Jacob-Lopes (editor),
Biorefineries and Circular Economy Based on Waste to Energy-Food-Feed-Chemical-Material/
Book Series: Biofuel and Biorefinery Technologies, Springer-Nature Switzerland AG (2022).
H. Baniasadi, E. Kimiaei, R.T. Polez, R. Ajdary, O.J. Rojas, M. Österberg, J. Seppälä,
High-resolution 3D printing of xanthan gum/nanocellulose bio-inks,
Serna-Guerrero, R., Ikonen, S., Kallela, O., & Hakanen, E.
Overcoming data gaps for an efficient circular economy: A case study on the battery materials ecosystem.
Hakanen, E., Eloranta, V., & Shaw, C.
Forming digital commons: The role of signaling and sociology of translation in decentralized systems.
Ahlsell, L., Jalal, D., Khajavi, SH., Jonsson,P., Holmström,J.
Additive Manufacturing of Slow-Moving Automotive Spare Parts: A Supply Chain Cost Assessment,
Töytäri, P., Turunen, T. T., & Hakanen, E.
The value conception, acceptance, and ability perspectives on value innovation.
Academy of Management Proceedings 2022, 16110.
Holmström, J., Ballardini, R., Hakanen, E., Päläs, J., Salmi, M., & Seppälä, T.
Digital counterparts for electric vehicle components:
Pathways to circular operations through component licensing and product-in-use renewal.
In 29th International EurOMA Conference 2022-European Operations Management Association EurOMA.
Jaribion, A., Knapen, A., Xamin, A., Holmström, J., & Haghighat Khajavi, S.
Non-Fungible Tokens (NFTs) in Additive Manufacturing: A Digital Tool for Enhancing IPR Protection.
Alireza Jaribion, Chethana Dharmawardane, Jaakko Siltaloppi, Jan Holmström,
Impact of Bio-based Packaging on Supply Chain Complexity,
28th EurOMA Conference: Managing the “new normal”:
The future of Operations and Supply Chain Management in unprecedented times
Veijola, I., Hakanen, E., & Rajala, R.
From transactional to a devoted relationship – toward performance-based service system governance.
Tuukka Verho, Stefania Fortino, Petr Hradil, Tuomas Turpeinen, Kirsi Immonen and David Sandquist
Biocomposite modeling by tomographic feature extraction and synthetic microstructure reconstruction.
Ahola-Launonen, J & Kurki, S.
Dynamics of expectations in the bioeconomy – Hopes, disillusionments and conflicting futures.
Kurki, S & Ahola-Launonen, J.
Radical sustainability transitions in a long-wave framework: alternative images of the future.
Leinonen, Anna & Casi, Corinna.
Interdisciplinarity in transition knowledge production: Micro-level analysis of a scenario building process,
Presentation at the Strategic Research – Scientific Conference: A fair, just and sustainable society, 12-13 October 2022, Helsinki
Valkokari, Katri.
Ecosystem approach for creating systemic transition towards sustainable futures of plastics.
Presentation at the Strategic Research – Scientific Conference: A fair, just and sustainable society, 12-13 October 2022, Helsinki.
Leinonen, Anna & Casi, Corinna.
Scenarios for transition management: Micro-level analysis of an
attempt to include ethics in a scenario model. Presentation at the Futures
Conference 2022: Planetary Futures of Health and Wellbeing, 15-17 June 2022,
Turku.
2021
Corinna Casi, Hanna Guttorm, and Pirjo Kristiina Virtanen,
“Traditional Ecological knowledge”,
J. Trifol, S. Jayaprakash, H. Baniasadi, R. Ajdary, N. Kretzschmar, O.J. Rojas, J. Partanen, J. Seppälä,
3D-printed thermoset biocomposites based on Forest Residues by Delayed Extrusion of Cold Masterbatch (DECMA),
H. Baniasadi, R. Teixeira Polez, E. Kimiaei, Z. Madani, O.J. Rojas, M. Österberg, J. Seppälä,
3D Printing and properties of cellulose nanofibrils-reinforced quince seed mucilage bio-inks,
Bani Asadi H, Polez RT, Kimiaei E, Madani Z, Rojas O, Österberg M, Seppälä J
3D printing and properties of cellulose nanofibrils-reinforced quince seed mucilage bio-inks
van den Hoven van Genderen R, Ballardini R, Corrales M
AI Innovations, Empathy and the Law: User-Centric Perspective on Copyright and Privacy
Bani Asadi H, Trifol J, Lipponen S, Seppälä J
Sustainable composites of surface-modified cellulose with low-melting point polyamide
Fortino S, Verho T, Hradil P, Andersson T, Turpeinen T, Immonen K, Sandquist D, Harlin A
Synthetic Modelling Of Pla-Pine Pulp Composites Based On X-Ray Microtomography
Siltaloppi J, Jähi M
Toward a sustainable plastics value chain: Core conundrums and emerging solution mechanisms for a systemic transition
Bani Asadi H, Madani Z, Ajdary R, Rojas O, Seppälä J
Ascorbic acid-loaded polyvinyl alcohol/cellulose nanofibril hydrogels as precursors for 3D printed materials
Gustafsson E, Jonsson P, Holmstrom J
Reducing retail supply chain costs of product returns using digital product fitting
Hossain K, Ballardini R
Protecting Indigenous Traditional Knowledge Through a Holistic Principle-Based Approach
Fagerholm S, Casi C, Katsui H
Sudden shift to online teaching at University of Helsinki during the COVID-19 epidemic : reflections and student experiences
van Bochove B, Grijpma D, Lendlein A, Seppälä J
Designing advanced functional polymers for medicine
Bani Asadi H, Borandeh S, Seppälä J
High-Performance and Biobased Polyamide/Functionalized Graphene Oxide Nanocomposites through In Situ Polymerization for Engineering Applications
Fortino S, Immonen K, Metsä-Kortelainen S, Valkokari K, Ylén P, Verho T, Toth G
Use of the VTT ProperTune materials modelling concept for the fast development of sustainable bio-based plastic composites
Wiman, H.
& Leinonen, A. 2021. Scenarios of bio-based plastics expansion and impact.
Presentation at the Interantional System Dynamics Conference, Chicago / online,
July 26-31.
Bani Asadi H, Ajdary R, Trifol J, Rojas O, Seppälä J
Direct ink writing of aloe vera/cellulose nanofibrils bio-hydrogels
Borandeh S, van Bochove B, Teotia A, Seppälä J
Polymeric Drug Delivery Systems by Additive Manufacturing
Bani Asadi H, Seppälä J
Novel long-chain aliphatic polyamide/surface-modified silicon dioxide nanocomposites: in-situ polymerization and properties
Ballardini R, van den Hoven van Genderen R
Artificial Intelligence and IPR: the quest or pleading for AI as legal subjects
Vesala J
Press publishers’ right and artificial intelligence
Verboeket V, Khajavi SH, Krikke H, Salmi M, Holmström J
Additive Manufacturing for Localized Medical Parts Production: A Case Study
Dharmawardane C, Sillanpää V, Holmström J
High-frequency forecasting for grocery point-of-sales: intervention in practice and theoretical implications for operational design
Ajdary R, Kretzschmar N, Bani Asadi H, Trifol J, Seppälä J, Partanen J, Rojas O
Selective Laser Sintering of Lignin-Based Composites
Bani Asadi H, Trifol J, Ranta A, Seppälä J
Exfoliated clay nanocomposites of renewable long-chain aliphatic polyamide through in-situ polymerization
2020
Jayaprakash, Siddharth, Jaakko Paasi, Kyösti Pennanen, Iñigo Flores Ituarte, Martina Lille, Jouni Partanen, and Nesli Sozer.
“Techno-Economic Prospects and Desirability of 3D Food Printing: Perspectives of Industrial Experts, Researchers and Consumers“
Jaribion A, Khajavi SH, Öhman M, Knapen A, Holmström J
A Digital Twin for Safety and Risk Management: A Prototype for a Hydrogen High-Pressure Vessel
Jähi M
Customer involvement in industrial service portfolio development
Holmström J, Holweg M, Lawson B, Pil F K, Wagner S M
The digitalization of operations and supply chain management: Theoretical and methodological implications
Teotia A, Dienel K, Qayoom I, van Bochove B, Gupta S, Partanen J, Seppälä J, Kumar A
Improved Bone Regeneration in Rabbit Bone Defects Using 3D Printed Composite Scaffolds Functionalized with Osteoinductive Factors
Ballardini R M, Casi C
Regulating Nature in Law Following Weak Anthropocentrism: Lessons for Intellectual Property Regimes and Environmental Ethics
van Bochove B, Spoljaric S, Seppälä S, Rios de Anda A
Multiscale structural characterization of biocompatible poly(trimethylene carbonate) networks photo-cross-linked in a solvent
Farzan A, Borandeh S, Ezazi N Z, Lipponen S, Santos H, Seppälä J
3D scaffolding of fast photocurable polyurethane for soft tissue engineering by stereolithography: Influence of materials and geometry on growth of fibroblast cells
Siltaloppi J, Rajala R, Hietala H
Integrating CSR with business strategy: A tension management perspective
Salmi M, Akmal J S, Pei E, Wolff J, Jaribion A, Khajavi S H
3D Printing in COVID-19: Productivity Estimation of the Most Promising Open Source Solutions in Emergency Situations
Heikkinen I, Savin H, Partanen J, Seppälä J, Pearce J M
Towards national policy for open source hardware research: The case of Finland
Valkokari K, Ylén P, Wiman H, Jähi M
Exploring values-based co-innovation in ecosystems through system dynamic group modelling
Mendis D., Rutschman A.S., Ballardini R.M.
3D Printing: How an Emerging Technology May Help Fight a Pandemic
Asikainen S, Seppälä J
Photo-crosslinked anhydride-modified polyester and –ethers for pH-sensitive drug release
Mendis D, Nordemann J, Ballardini R M, Brorsen H, Calatrava-Moreno M, Robson R and Dickens P
The Intellectual Property Implications of the Development of Industrial 3D Printing
Pihlajarinne T, Ballardini, R M
Paving the way for the Environment – Channeling ‘Strong’ Sustainability into the European IP System
van Bochove B, Seppälä S
Synthesis and characterization of photo-crosslinked poly(Carbonate anhydrides)
Aleni A H, Kretzschmar N, Jansson A, Ituarte I F, St-Pierre L
3D printing of dense and porous TiO2 structures
Hedenstierna C P, Disney S M, Holmström J
Service Levels in Make-to-Order Production: 3D Printing Applications
Ait-Mansour I, Kretzschmar N, Chekurov S, Salmi M, Rech J
Design-dependent shrinkage compensation modeling and mechanical property targeting of metal FFF
Ballardini R M, Härkönen H, Kestilä I
Intellectual Property Rights and Indigenous Cultural Heritage – Balancing Interests via a User-Centric Approach
Seppälä J, van Bochove B, Lendlein A
Developing Advanced Functional Polymers for Biomedical Applications
Dienel K, van Bochove B, Seppälä J
Additive Manufacturing of Bioactive Poly(trimethylene carbonate)/β-Tricalcium Phosphate Composites for Bone Regeneration
Ballardini R M, Kaisto J , Similä J
Developing Novel Property Concepts in Private Law to Foster the Circular Economy
Khajavi S H, Ituarte I F, Jaribion A, An J, Chua C K, Holmström J
Impact of Additive Manufacturing on Supply Chain Complexity
Kallbom S et al.
Effects of water soaking-drying cycles on thermally modified spruce wood-plastic composite
Seppälä J, Borandeh S
Editorial corner – A personal view : can biopolymers act as antiviral agents?
Koskela-Huotari K, Siltaloppi J
Rethinking the actor in service research: toward a processual view of identity dynamics
Salminen, S
sci_2020_salminen_satu
Sustainable business models for commercializing renewable and circular plastics – a multiple case study research
Päivölä, P
sci_2020_paivola_pyry
Socio-technical transition to a sustainable plastics economy: Strategic approaches for FMCG industry brand owners
Vilén, L
sci_2020_vilen_lars
Emerging business models in plastics reuse and recycling
2019
Siltaloppi J, Laurila J, Artto K
In the service of a higher good : Resilience of academics under managerial control
Kretzschmar N, Lipponen S, Klar V, Pearce J M, Ranger T L, Seppälä J, Partanen J
Mechanical properties of ultraviolet-assisted paste extrusion and postextrusion ultraviolet-curing of three-dimensional printed biocomposites
Khajavi S H, Salmi M, Holmström J
Additive manufacturing as an enabler for efficient spare parts supply chain management
Hedenstierna C P, Disney S M, Eyers D R, Holmström J, Syntetos A, Wang X
Economies of collaboration in build-to-model operation